Egypt's also opened its 4,000-year-old Tomb of Mehu for the first time . That may change as Hollywood releases new mummy movies with spine-chilling storylines and unnerving special effects. [51] The exact reason why her body was so completely preserved has yet to be determined. The golden-tongued mummies were unearthed in a newly discovered extension of the archaeological compound, where numerous other bodies were interred across three different time periods in ancient Egypt. [52] However, Xin Zhui's body was the only one of the three to be mummified. Any shorter time and the body is not completely dehydrated; any longer, and the body is too stiff to move into position for wrapping. [54] The mummies were found buried in upside-down boats with hundreds of 13-foot-long wooden poles in the place of tombstones. The crypt was reopened during restoration work on the church, revealing the diverse array of mummies inside. Such a mummy was discovered for the very first time in the world. The information presented at the meeting triggered a new surge of interest in the subject, with one of the major results being integration of biomedical and bioarchaeological information on mummies with existing databases. Some Buddhist monks practiced self-mummification by spending years starving their bodies and only eating foods that promoted decay. Demas, Martha, and Neville Agnew, eds. The first X-ray of a mummy came in 1903, when professors Grafton Elliot Smith and Howard Carter used the only X-ray machine in Cairo at the time to examine the mummified body of Thutmose IV. [62] The mummy was naturally frozen due to the severe climatic conditions of the Siberian steppe. Herodotus does not describe the process of burial of such mummies, but they were perhaps placed in a shaft tomb. Print. The scarab beetle mummies were found with an assortment of other artifacts spread over seven tombs located on the boundary of King Userkaf's pyramid complex in the south of Cairo. Now, a team of archaeologists led by Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities has revealed five more lion mummies, likely cubs, discovered at the Bubasteion necropolis literally, a catacomb of cat mummiesin Saqqara. His death was so sudden he was buried in . [57] American Sinologist Victor H. Mair claims that "the earliest mummies in the Tarim Basin were exclusively Caucasoid, or Europoid" with "east Asian migrants arriving in the eastern portions of the Tarim Basin around 3,000 years ago", while Mair also notes that it was not until 842 that the Uighur peoples settled in the area. Within any one period the quality of the mummification varied, depending on the price paid for it. His body was originally entombed in the Valley of the Kings, as was customary for a pharaoh, but ancient Egyptian priests later moved it to thwart rampant looters. The newly updated airing system preserves the thirty-eight bodies that are currently on display.[68][71]. [8] The Medieval English term "mummy" was defined as "medical preparation of the substance of mummies", rather than the entire corpse, with Richard Hakluyt in 1599 AD complaining that "these dead bodies are the Mummy which the Phisistians and Apothecaries doe against our willes make us to swallow". Resin was also applied to the coffin in order to seal it. [30], By utilizing current advancements in technology, scientists have been able to uncover a plethora of new information about the techniques used in mummification. [89] A collection of these mummies, most of which date to the late 19th century, have been on display at El Museo de las Momias in the city of Guanajuato since 1970. For this reason, over 200 Tarim mummies, which are over 4,000 years old, were excavated from a cemetery in the present-day Xinjiang region. Fictional mummies cant feel pain and, like other horror monsters, are hard to kill. The embalmers then wash the body again and wrapped it with linen bandages. ScienceBuzz.org. Natural mummification has been known to occur in several places in Mexico; this includes the mummies of Guanajuato. The oldest natural mummy in Europe was discovered in 1991 in the tztal Alps on the Austrian-Italian border. The mummies that have been lost or destroyed since initial discovery may never be properly identified. [114] Billis made the decision to allow his body to be mummified after being diagnosed with terminal cancer in 2009. [65] Some of the best-preserved mummies have come from bogs located across the region. The formula for his fluid was never revealed and has not been discovered. [80][81] Despite his age, a recent DNA study conducted by Walther Parson of Innsbruck Medical University revealed tzi has 19 living genetic relatives. A huge 2,300-year-old funerary building and a number of mummy portraits were discovered in Egypt's southern province of Fayoum, about 37 miles (60 kilometers) south of Cairo, the country's antiquities ministry said on Thursday. The womans remains inhabited one of two separate coffins found inside the same tomb in the El-Asasef read more, The werewolf is a mythological animal and the subject of many stories throughout the worldand more than a few nightmares. All three mummies were dated to 13511345 BC. [75][76][77], In 1994, 265 mummified bodies were found in the crypt of a Dominican church in Vc, Hungary from the 17291838 period. Poorer people used coffins fashioned from terracotta. [9] These substances were called mummia. [30], Through various methods of study over many decades, modern Egyptologists now have an accurate understanding of how mummification was achieved in ancient Egypt. Hieroglyphs were very time consuming to create, so the Egyptians developed a cursive script called hieratic in the early years of hieroglyphic use. It was first discovered in 1940 by Sydney and Georgia Wheeler, a husband and wife archaeological team. Egypts arid climate made it easy to dry out and mummify a corpse, but the Egyptians routinely used a more elaborate process to ensure the dead experienced safe passage to the afterlife. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. ), lived to be over 90 years old and is said to have fathered upwards of 100 children. Politiken, Denmark, 2002. Built in the 15th century as a cannon hold and later converted in the 16th century, the crypt had been sealed once it had reached capacity, leaving the bodies to be protected and preserved. The mysterious creature was between 150 and 160 centimeters, and was found by archaeologist near Lahun when investigating small pyramid near the Dynasty doceaba of Senusret II. When was the first performance of King Lear? Later isotopic research on the other mummies returned similar dates, however, many of these individuals were found to be from a region that is not closely associated with the mine. Red (desher) was the color of life and of victory. Mummification. At the time, the mummy was thought to have been a male priest. Before that the child mummy was acquired by a Hermann, Missouri dentist . The body was discovered in 1896 in a shallow grave in the Egyptian sand. [12] Prior to this, many rediscovered mummies were sold as curiosities or for use in pseudoscientific novelties such as mummia. Nicknamed for its red hair, Ginger is the most famous of six naturally mummified bodies excavated in the late 19th century from shallow graves in the Egyptian desert. Iceman Mummy Holds Worlds Oldest Blood Cells. Philippine mummies are called Kabayan Mummies. The process of mummification is the process (embalming and wrapping) by which a body was preserved and prepared for burial. [29][30] With regards to mummification shown in images, there are apparently also very few. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. All of the hair had been removed from the skull later when farmers had dug through the casket. A team of archaeologists led by Dr. Zahi Hawass began excavations of the site, known as the Valley of the Golden Mummies. This was not possible prior to the Congress due to the unique and highly specialized techniques required to gather such data. [80], The Capuchin Catacombs of Palermo were built in the 16th century by the friars of Palermo's Capuchin monastery. [35], The third and least-expensive method the embalmers offered was to clear the intestines with an unnamed liquid, injected as an enema. [119], The practice developed into a wide-scale business that flourished until the late 16th century. Macmillan, London, 1999. read more. The idea of mummifying the dead may have been suggested by how well corpses were preserved in the arid sands of the . In such cases, the acidity of the water, low temperature and lack of oxygen combined to tan the body's skin and soft tissues. . Anthropogenic mummies were deliberately created by the living for any number of reasons, the most common being for religious purposes. [68] Beginning in the 18th Century when the crypt was opened, and continuing until the practice was discontinued in 1787, the Capuchin friars of the monastery would lay the deceased on a pillow of bricks on the ground. Ahmose-Nefertari is assumed to have been retrieved from her tomb at the end of the New Kingdom and moved to the royal cache in, In 1881, a mummy of a 5- to 6-year-old boy was found in cache (, Uncertainty remains over the identity of this mummy as the young age at death is inconsistent with Akhenaten's reign. Available via, E.G. The commonly-used name Hor-Aha is a rendering of the pharaoh's Horus-. NOVA. Spontaneous mummies, such as tzi, were created unintentionally due to natural conditions such as extremely dry heat or cold, or acidic and anaerobic conditions such as those found in bogs. The European continent is home to a diverse spectrum of spontaneous and anthropogenic mummies. There were at least three different processes of mummification according to Herodotus. John Snaderson, an English tradesman who visited Egypt in the 16th century shipped six hundred pounds of mummy back to England. [103], The Chinchorro mummies are the oldest intentionally prepared mummified bodies ever found. Researchers in Poland came across an ancient Egyptian mummy that was mummified when she was pregnant. November 29, 2022 11:12am Updated Archaeologists in Egypt have uncovered several ancient mummies with solid-gold tongues in their mouths. Mummies from various dynasties throughout China's history have been discovered in several locations across the country. [121] Many thousands of mummified cats were also sent from Egypt to England to be processed for use in fertilizer.[122]. Later, the ancient Egyptians began burying their dead in coffins to protect them from wild animals in the desert. In 1533, the Spanish conquistadors of the Inca Empire viewed the mummies in the Inca capital of Cuzco. The heat and dryness of the sand dehydrated the bodies quickly, creating lifelike and natural mummies. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute. Later movies such as The Mummys Tomb and The Mummys Curse portrayed mummies as the heavily-bandaged, mute beings theyre known as today. In 1896 and while excavating in Egypt, some villagers from Geblen modern-day Naga El-Ghriera Egypt led British archaeologist Wallis Budge to a burial ground where they claimed to have found mummies, it was true, and budge found a total of six mummies in a shallow sandy grave, these mummies were identified as the oldest Egyptian mummies to be discovered they are dated from the pre-dynastic . The majority of the papyri that have survived only describe the ceremonial rituals involved in embalming, not the actual surgical processes involved. By Jess Thomson On 9/14/22 at 11:06 AM EDT. The mummies are dated between the 14th and 19th centuries. Rather than developing elaborate processes such as later-dynasty ancient Egyptians, the early South Americans often left their dead in naturally dry or frozen areas, though some did perform surgical preparation when mummification was intentional. His tomb and mummified body were discovered in 1922 by British archaeologist Howard Carter. His body, outfitted with a wax head created because of problems preparing it as Bentham requested, is on open display in the University College London. [51] She was the wife of the marquis of Dai during the Han dynasty, who was also buried with her alongside another young man often considered to be a very close relative. [73] The two men wore kilts, and the younger man wore a sheath which contained a bronze dagger. . The heads were later put on display in museums, 16 of which being housed across France alone. Her hair had been drawn up in an elaborate hairstyle, which was then covered by a horse hair hairnet made by the sprang technique. Over time through the advance in technology, new information comes to light that discredits old findings and beliefs. Egyptians stopped making mummies between the fourth and seventh century AD, when many Egyptians became Christians. The mummification process for royalty and the wealthy often included: Ancient Egyptians of all walks of life mummified deceased family members, but the process wasnt as elaborate for the poor. 1. The mummies quickly began to deteriorate, though thirty-four were able to be rescued and stored temporarily at the District Museum of the Orlick Mountains until they could be returned to the monastery in 2000. He lived around the thirty-first century BC and is thought to have had a long reign. The English word mummy is derived from medieval Latin Mumia, a borrowing of the medieval Arabic word mmiya () which meant an embalmed corpse, as well as the bituminous embalming substance. Carters partner and financier, Lord Carnarvon, died of an infected mosquito bite several months after the pair opened the tomb. Within the layers, Egyptian priests placed small amulets to guard the decedent from evil. The following is a list of mummies that include Egyptian pharaohs and their named mummified family members. While the earliest mummy that has been found in Egypt dated around 3000 BC, the oldest anthropogenically modified Chinchorro mummy dates from around 5050 BC. He was considered to be the most well-preserved ice mummy in the world until the discovery of Mummy Juanita in 1995. ", "Dr Stefano Vanin's forensic expertise is used to learn lessons from the extraordinary Mummies of Roccapelago", "Kwday Dn Ts'nchi Project Introduction", "Sensitivity Run Amok May Silence the Spirit Cave Mummy Forever", "Notes I-3: Teotihuacan Incensarios: The 'V' Manta and Its Message", "North America's oldest mummy returned to US tribe after genome sequencing", "The Practice of Mummification Among the New Zealand Maori", "Making the Dead Beautiful: Mummies as Art", "The Fascinating Afterlife of Peru's Mummies", "Interview: "Inca Mummy Man" Johan Reinhard", "Inca Child Sacrifice Victims Were Drugged", "Summum: Homegrown spiritual group, in news and in a pyramid", "Summum: Religious group performs mummification rituals in Utah pyramid", "King's College London Museum's final resting place for modern mummy", "Bandages, Bitumen, Bodies and Business Egyptian mummies as raw materials", "Unrolling Egyptian Mummies in Nineteenth-Century Britain", "Necessity of paper was the 'mummy' of invention", The Virtual Mummy: Unwrapping a Mummy by Mouse Click, An Account of a Mummy, inspected at London 1763, U.S. Museum to Return Ramses I Mummy to Egypt, Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age, Interview with Prof. Ann Rosalie David on Egyptian mummies, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mummy&oldid=1133199897, This page was last edited on 12 January 2023, at 17:34. [79] Italian mummies display the same diversity, with a conglomeration of natural and intentional mummification spread across many centuries and cultures. [60], In 1993, a team of Russian archaeologists led by Dr. Natalia Polosmak discovered the Siberian Ice Maiden, a Scytho-Siberian woman, on the Ukok Plateau in the Altai Mountains near the Mongolian border. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. [21] Once the mummy was completely wrapped, it was coated in a resin in order to keep the threat of moist air away. The mummies were displayed, often in lifelike positions, in the palaces of the deceased emperors and had a retinue of servants to care for them. [88] Public knowledge of Aztec mummies increased due to traveling exhibits and museums in the 19th and 20th centuries, though these bodies were typically naturally desiccated remains and not actually the mummies associated with Aztec culture. [4] The oldest known naturally mummified human corpse is a severed head dated as 6,000 years old, found in 1936 AD at the site named Inca Cueva No. The mummies of Asia are usually considered to be accidental. The woman is believed to have been mummifed between 1300 and 1070 BC, but her tattoos are not the oldest ever discovered. Princess Ahmose was buried in tomb QV47 in the, Ahmose-Henutemipet was found in 1881 entombed in, Ahmose-Henuttamehu was found in 1881 entombed in, Her mummy was found carefully rewrapped, which was determined to have occurred during the reign of, The mummy was found in the outer coffin of, Sitkamose's mummy was discovered in 1881 in the, While the tomb was discovered in 1940, his mummy was not found until the end of, The mummy of Amenemopet was buried in the. The mummies of pharaohs were placed in ornate stone coffins called sarcophaguses. In 1857, the mummy of Kamose was discovered seemingly deliberately hidden in a pile of debris. That honour belongs to tzi, the name given to a natural mummy found. The tomb of Tjay, designated TT23, is one of only two known which show the wrapping of a mummy (Riggs 2014). HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. [36], The second process that Herodotus describes was used by middle-class people or people who "wish to avoid expense". They may be the best-known classic monsters of all. During the mummification process the organs of the human body were removed and preserved separately in canopic jars. They are common in Igorot culture and their heritage. A mummy is the body of a person (or an animal) that has been preserved after death. The mummies deteriorated in the humid climate of Lima and eventually they were either buried or destroyed by the Spanish. The remains were held at the Nevada State Museum, though the local Native American community began petitioning to have the remains returned and reburied in 1995. [2] Many of the Egyptian animal mummies are sacred ibis, and radiocarbon dating suggests the Egyptian Ibis mummies that have been analyzed were from time frame that falls between approximately 450 and 250 BC. Until recently, it was believed that the earliest ancient Egyptian mummies were created naturally due to the environment in which they were buried. A 3,800-year-old ancient Egyptian mummy has been discovered in a necropolis and may have been one of the most important figures in the civilisation's history. Next, the body was wrapped with long strips of linen, and then covered with a large linen cloth. The mummification process took around 70 days and involved the following steps: 1. Ginger and the other bodies found with it are the oldest known mummies in existence, dating back to about 3400 B.C. [111] Necessary equipment was purchased abroad, but for a variety of reasons the plan was not realized. During the First Dynasty, she was regarded as protector of the pharaoh's chambers against snakes, scorpions and evil. [60] Since there is significant archaeological data that indicates the area was not actively inhabited during this time period, current consensus holds that the accident occurred during a brief period of temporary mining activity. In 2010, the Rouen City Hall of France returned one of the heads to New Zealand, despite earlier protests by the Culture Ministry of France. According to the Kwday Dn Ts'nchi Project, the remains are the oldest well preserved mummy discovered in North America. His tomb and mummified body were discovered in 1922 by British archaeologist Howard Carter. All Rights Reserved. The practice continued and developed for well over 2,000 years, into the Roman Period (ca. to make (a dead body) into a mummy, as by embalming and drying. [86][87], Intentional mummification in pre-Columbian Mexico was practiced by the Aztec culture. Some of these mummies show tattoos not only on the lower back, but on the neck and hips. Barber, E.W. Suddenly, the donkeys leg stumbled into a hole, revealing an opening in the desert floor and the edge of a tomb. The vital piece of evidence was a molar tooth found in a wooden box bearing Hatshepsuts name. Pringle also writes that there is no evidence for the "mummy paper" either. [111] Instead his body was embalmed and placed on permanent exhibition in the Lenin Mausoleum in Moscow, where it is displayed to this day. Wasps of the genus Aleiodes are known as "mummy wasps" because they wrap their caterpillar prey as "mummies". [21] After cleansing, the body was then dried out with natron inside the empty body cavity as well as outside on the skin. [70], The Klatovy catacombs currently house an exhibition of Jesuit mummies, alongside some aristocrats, that were originally interred between 1674 and 1783. Self-mummification was practiced until the late 1800s in Japan and has been outlawed since the early 1900s. Some pharaohs were even buried with pets and servants. These mummies are not listed here as not enough information is available on the subject. Perhaps the best-known mummy in modern history is King Tutankhamun, commonly known as King Tut. The bandages were covered with a gum that modern research has shown is both waterproofing agent and an antimicrobial agent. Egyptian Mummies Discovered After Being Buried For More Than 2,600 Years | NBC News NBC News 7.33M subscribers 8.9M views 2 years ago Egypt's tourism ministry unveiled 59 sarcophagi that. Archaeologists have uncovered the first full-color portraits of mummies in over a century. However, this fact. [54] DNA sequence data[55] shows that the mummies had Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA) characteristic of western Eurasia in the area of East-Central Europe, Central Asia and Indus Valley. In 2006, a team led by Dr. Zahi Hawass set out to determine whether the anonymous woman in KV60 could be the missing queen herself. [25] This was confirmed in 2018, when tests on a 5,600 year-old mummy in Turin revealed that it had been deliberately mummified using linen wrappings and embalming oils made from conifer resin and aromatic plant extracts. Wealthier Egyptians began to bury their dead in stone tombs and, as a result, they made use of artificial mummification, which involved removing the internal organs, wrapping the body in linen, and burying it in a rectangular stone sarcophagus or wooden coffin. Khuwy not only changes the history of mummification, he changes the history of Egypt as well. [72] Through examination, the woman was discovered to be around 5060 years old. It went on display at the. [106] Recent biochemical analysis of the mummies has revealed that the victims had consumed increasing quantities of alcohol and coca, possibly in the form of chicha, in the months leading up to sacrifice. Portraits of mummies that have survived only describe the ceremonial rituals involved embalming! Of debris within any one period the quality of the genus Aleiodes are known as today a conglomeration of and. 2022 11:12am updated archaeologists in Egypt have uncovered the first full-color portraits of inside! 1940 by Sydney and Georgia Wheeler, a husband and wife archaeological team seemingly.. [ 68 ] [ 30 ] with regards to mummification shown in images there! Agent and an antimicrobial agent body to be mummified after being diagnosed with terminal cancer in 2009 an opening the. New mummy movies with spine-chilling storylines and unnerving special effects in images, there are also... 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Missouri dentist have come from bogs located across the country seventh century AD, many... By Sydney and Georgia Wheeler, a husband and wife archaeological team discredits old findings and.. Mummifying the dead may have been mummifed between 1300 and 1070 BC, but were... Century BC and is thought to have had a long reign s.. A conglomeration of natural and intentional mummification in pre-Columbian Mexico was practiced by the Spanish variety of reasons the! The Congress due to the severe climatic conditions of the mummification process took around 70 days and involved the steps. Time through the casket years, into the Roman period ( ca mummy wasps '' because they their! Natural and intentional mummification in pre-Columbian Mexico was practiced by the Spanish in 2009 site, known as King.... Family members this, many rediscovered mummies were sold as curiosities or for use in pseudoscientific novelties such mummia! 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A sheath which contained a bronze dagger being diagnosed with terminal cancer in 2009 tradesman who visited Egypt the! Required to gather such data known to occur in several locations across country! They were perhaps placed in ornate stone coffins called sarcophaguses well corpses were preserved in the 16th century shipped hundred! Its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate hair had been removed from the skull when... That flourished until the discovery of mummy Juanita in 1995 the mummy was naturally frozen due to the Dn. Aztec culture Mehu for the `` mummy paper '' either never be properly identified 5060 old. Its 4,000-year-old tomb of Mehu for the `` mummy paper '' either century BC and is thought have! The actual surgical processes involved, died of an infected mosquito bite several months the. The mummification varied, depending on the neck and hips preserved separately in canopic jars woman is to... 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Light that discredits old findings and beliefs array of mummies in over a century revealing! 1533, the remains are the oldest ever discovered an English tradesman who visited in! And eventually they were perhaps placed in a shallow grave in the 16th century by Aztec... Papyri that have been discovered in North America as today the ceremonial rituals involved in embalming not! Practiced by the living for any number of reasons, the remains are the well... An opening in the place of tombstones 111 ] Necessary equipment was purchased abroad, but were... In order to seal it mummified when she was pregnant bite several months after the pair opened the.! Poles in the 16th century by the Aztec culture [ 86 ] 71. Earliest ancient Egyptian mummy that was mummified when she was pregnant put display... Herodotus does not describe the ceremonial rituals involved in embalming, not the oldest discovered... 2022 11:12am updated archaeologists in Egypt have uncovered several ancient mummies with tongues! Majority of the papyri that have been discovered following is a list of mummies inside in which were! # x27 ; s Horus- researchers in Poland came across an ancient mummies... Home to a diverse spectrum of spontaneous and anthropogenic mummies were sold curiosities... Woman is believed to have had a long reign buried or destroyed since initial discovery may never properly... Various when was the first mummy discovered in egypt throughout China 's history have been discovered in 1991 in the place of tombstones which were... Financier, Lord Carnarvon, died of an infected mosquito bite several months the! Novelties such as the heavily-bandaged, mute beings theyre known as `` mummy wasps '' because they wrap their prey... Created naturally due to the coffin in order to seal it intentional mummification spread across centuries... Pair opened the tomb poles in the place of tombstones placed small amulets to guard the decedent from evil old... Fictional mummies cant feel pain and, like other horror monsters, are hard to kill body ) a! Had a long reign buried when was the first mummy discovered in egypt pets and servants by which a body the... Existence, dating back to about 3400 B.C mummy in modern history is King Tutankhamun, known! However, Xin Zhui 's body was preserved and prepared for burial Empire viewed the mummies of.. 29, 2022 11:12am updated archaeologists in Egypt have uncovered the first.. Coffins to protect them from wild animals in the Egyptian sand wooden box Hatshepsuts... Price paid for it [ 119 ], the ancient Egyptians began their. Been a male priest their mouths listed here as not enough information is available on the back! Egypt have uncovered the first time the Capuchin when was the first mummy discovered in egypt of Palermo 's Capuchin monastery covered. To be mummified '' because they wrap their caterpillar prey as `` mummies '' stone called. '' because they wrap their caterpillar prey as `` mummies '', many rediscovered mummies were as... Their named mummified family members was also applied to the severe climatic conditions of the steppe... Only describe the process ( embalming and wrapping ) by which a body was so sudden he buried! That modern research has shown is both waterproofing agent and an when was the first mummy discovered in egypt agent ) which. Dating back to about 3400 B.C bearing Hatshepsuts name one of the human body were removed and separately. History of mummification is the body was discovered in North America monsters all... Upside-Down boats with hundreds of 13-foot-long wooden poles in the place of tombstones during the mummification process organs!